Hemoglobin – blood element whose function is to distribute oxygen from the lungs to body tissues.

Hematocrit - the measurement of the percentage of red blood cells are in a specific volume of blood.

Often, anemia is a symptom of a disease rather than a disease itself, and usually develops due to the presence of one of these factors:

• Excessive blood loss or hemorrhage
• Insufficient production of red blood cells
• Excessive red blood cell destruction
• Decreased production and excessive destruction of red blood cells

What are the symptoms of anemia?

Most symptoms of anemia occur as a consequence of reduced oxygen in the cells or “hypoxia.” Since red blood cells by hemoglobin, carry oxygen, decreased production or number of these cells result in “hypoxia.” Many of the symptoms do not occur if anemia is mild, because the body can usually compensate for gradual changes in hemoglobin.

Below are the most common symptoms of anemia. However, each child may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include, inter alia, the following:

• Abnormal paleness or lack of color of skin
• Acceleration of heart rate (tachycardia)
• Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
• Lack of energy or tiring easily (fatigue)
• Dizziness or vertigo especially when standing
• Headaches
• Irritability
• Irregular menstrual cycles
• Absent or delayed menstruation (amenorrhea)
• Sores or swollen tongue (glossitis)
• Jaundice or yellowing of the skin, eyes and mouth
• Increased size of the spleen or liver (splenomegaly, hepatomegaly)
• Delay or delayed growth and development
• Slow healing of wounds and tissue

The symptoms of anemia may resemble other blood disorders or medical problems. Because anemia is often a symptom associated with another disease, it is important that your child’s doctor is informed of the symptoms seen in children. Always consult your child’s physician for a diagnosis.

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Osteoporosis is a decrease in bone mass and mechanical strength resulting in susceptibility to fractures. It is the primary cause of bone fractures in women after menopause and the elderly in general.

Osteoporosis does not have a definite beginning and, until recently, the first visible sign of the disease used to be a fracture of the hip, wrist or vertebral body that causes pain or deformity.

The bones are undergoing continuous remodeling through processes of formation and resorption, and also serve as a reservoir of calcium in the body.

From the age of 35 inci loss of small amounts of bone. Multiple diseases or lifestyles can increase bone loss leading to osteoporosis at an earlier age. Some women are also prone to osteoporosis by low bone mass in adulthood.

Menopause is the leading cause of osteoporosis in women, due to declining levels of estrogen. The loss of estrogen physiological menopause or surgical removal of the ovaries, causing a rapid loss of bone. The women, especially Caucasian and Asian women have lower bone mass than men. Bone loss results in a lower strength itself, which easily leads to fractures of the wrist, spine and hip.

A higher probability of developing osteoporosis is related to:

• Early menopause, natural or surgical
• Consumption of alcohol or caffeine
• Smoking
• Periods of amenorrhea
• Some medications such as prolonged use of corticosteroids
• Processes such as thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis and problems that block the intestinal absorption of calcium
• Dietary calcium for prolonged periods, especially during adolescence and youth
• Sedentary lifestyle

Osteoporosis affects one in five women over 45 years and four out of ten of more than 75.

Diagnosis

It can measure bone mass, and hence its decline in the adult, densitometry techniques or quantitative computed tomography.

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