Some of these medicines are:

* Antibiotics to treat infections
* Hormone Treatment for adult women and adolescents who have heavy menstrual bleeding
* A synthetic form of erythropoietin to stimulate the body to produce more red blood cells. This hormone carries    certain risks. You and your doctor will decide whether the benefits of this treatment outweigh the risks.
* Medicines to prevent the immune system destroys its own red blood cells
* Chelation to treat lead poisoning. Chelation is used primarily for children, because children with iron deficiency anemia are more at risk for lead poisoning.

If your anemia is severe, you may need medical procedures to treat it. These procedures are blood transfusions and transplantation of blood stem cells and bone marrow.

Blood transfusion

Blood transfusions are very common and safe procedures in which a person receives blood through an intravenous line placed in one of their vessels. To perform a transfusion is necessary to do meticulous testing to ensure that donor blood is compatible with the recipient’s blood.

For more information, see the “Blood Transfusion” (English only).
Transplantation of blood stem cells and bone marrow

In transplants of stem cells from blood and bone marrow stem cells replace abnormal or defective one person (a receiver) with healthy cells from another person (a donor). Stem cells found in bone marrow. There are transformed into red cells, white cells and platelets.

During the transplant, which is like a blood transfusion, the recipient receives the donor’s stem cells through a tube that has been put into a chest vein. When stem cells are in the body of the receiver, run to the marrow and begin producing new blood cells.

For more information, see the article “Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplant” (English only).

Surgery

If you have a serious or life-threatening bleeding that is causing anemia, you may need surgery. For example, you may need surgery to control bleeding caused by a constant stomach ulcer or colon cancer.

If your body is destroying red cells at high speed may have to undergo surgery to remove the spleen. The spleen is an organ that removes red blood cells and destroys them. If the spleen is sick or larger than normal red blood cells and removes more cause anemia.

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The goal is to increase the amount of oxygen that blood can carry. Is achieved by increasing the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin. Another goal is to treat the underlying condition or the cause of anemia.
Changes in diet and nutritional supplements

Low levels of vitamins or iron in the body can cause some types of anemia. These low concentrations can be caused by poor diet or certain diseases or health problems.

To increase the concentrations of vitamins or iron the doctor may ask you to make changes to your diet or take vitamins or iron supplements. A widely used vitamin supplements are vitamin B12 and folic acid. Sometimes there is vitamin C to help the body absorb iron.
Iron

Your body needs iron to produce hemoglobin. The body can more easily absorb iron from meat than vegetables or other foods. To treat anemia, the doctor may recommend eating more meat (especially red meat such as beef and liver), as well as chicken, turkey, pork, fish and seafood.

Other foods that are good sources of iron include:

* Spinach and other vegetables with dark green leaves
* Peanuts (peanuts), peanut butter and almonds
* Eggs
* Peas (peas), lentils and beans (beans), white or red, or baked beans and canned
* Dried fruits such as raisins, apricots (apricots) and peaches (peaches)
* Prune juice

Some foods, like cereals, breads and pasta, are fortified with iron. Check the nutrition label of a food to see how much iron it contains. The amount is expressed as the percentage of the total amount of iron you need every day.

Iron can be taken as a mineral supplement. Usually combined with multivitamins and minerals that help the body absorb iron.

Vitamin B12

Low levels of vitamin B12 can cause pernicious anemia. Usually this type of anemia is treated with vitamin B12.

The following foods are good sources of vitamin B12:

* Cereals fortified with vitamin B12
* Meat (beef, liver, poultry, fish and shellfish)
* Eggs and dairy products (milk, yogurt and cheese)

Folic acid

Folic acid is a B vitamin found in foods. Your body needs folate to produce and maintain new cells. Folic acid is also very important in pregnancy. Prevents anemia and promotes the healthy growth of the fetus.

The following foods are good sources of folic acid:

* Bread, pasta and rice fortified with folic acid
* Spinach and other vegetables with dark green leaves
* Beans (black-eyed peas) and dried beans
* Beef liver
* Eggs
* Bananas, oranges, orange juice and other fruits and juices

Vitamin C

Vitamin C helps the body absorb iron. The vegetables and fruits, especially citrus, are good sources of vitamin C. Citrus fruits include oranges, grapefruit (grapefruit), mandarins and other fruits like. Fruits, vegetables and fresh and frozen juices generally contain more vitamin C than canned.

If you are on medication, ask your doctor or pharmacist if you eat grapefruit (grapefruit) or drink juice of this fruit. Grapefruit can affect the power of a few medicines and the effectiveness with which they act.

Other fruits rich in vitamin C include kiwi, mango, apricot (apricot), strawberries (strawberries), cantaloupe and watermelon (pin).

Vegetables rich in vitamin C include broccoli, peppers, tomatoes, cabbage, potatoes and green leafy vegetables like romaine lettuce, turnip greens (turnip tops) and spinach.

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It is the decreased concentration of hemoglobin in the blood. This parameter is not a fixed value but depends on various factors such as age, sex, and special circumstances such as pregnancy.
How do you get?
Anemia can be due to different reasons and they relate very well with the variations in shape and size of red blood.
This size is different depending on the producing cause of anemia. The size of the G.R. is determined by an analytical parameter called Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV).

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Hemoglobin – blood element whose function is to distribute oxygen from the lungs to body tissues.

Hematocrit - the measurement of the percentage of red blood cells are in a specific volume of blood.

Often, anemia is a symptom of a disease rather than a disease itself, and usually develops due to the presence of one of these factors:

• Excessive blood loss or hemorrhage
• Insufficient production of red blood cells
• Excessive red blood cell destruction
• Decreased production and excessive destruction of red blood cells

What are the symptoms of anemia?

Most symptoms of anemia occur as a consequence of reduced oxygen in the cells or “hypoxia.” Since red blood cells by hemoglobin, carry oxygen, decreased production or number of these cells result in “hypoxia.” Many of the symptoms do not occur if anemia is mild, because the body can usually compensate for gradual changes in hemoglobin.

Below are the most common symptoms of anemia. However, each child may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include, inter alia, the following:

• Abnormal paleness or lack of color of skin
• Acceleration of heart rate (tachycardia)
• Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
• Lack of energy or tiring easily (fatigue)
• Dizziness or vertigo especially when standing
• Headaches
• Irritability
• Irregular menstrual cycles
• Absent or delayed menstruation (amenorrhea)
• Sores or swollen tongue (glossitis)
• Jaundice or yellowing of the skin, eyes and mouth
• Increased size of the spleen or liver (splenomegaly, hepatomegaly)
• Delay or delayed growth and development
• Slow healing of wounds and tissue

The symptoms of anemia may resemble other blood disorders or medical problems. Because anemia is often a symptom associated with another disease, it is important that your child’s doctor is informed of the symptoms seen in children. Always consult your child’s physician for a diagnosis.

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Patients with anemia had a higher risk of mortality and cardiovascular complications, as well as reducing their quality of life and increased hospitalizations. So the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic renal failure is a priority of his therapy

Chronic renal failure (CRF) is an irreversible disease characterized by kidney damage and deterioration of their function, which progresses with time. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is classified into five phases, which are defined by the level of renal function, which is measured by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The lower the GFR, the more severe CRF.

There are several factors that contribute to the progression of CRF. The four most common causes of CRF are diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, or inflammation of the filtering units of the kidney, and polycystic kidney disease, a hereditary disease. An aging population along with the increasing number of patients with type 2 diabetes associated with obesity has led to increasing numbers of people with CKD or risk of suffering, which is estimated to affect 10% of our population.

Over time, the IRC generally progresses to a phase in which patients have impaired renal function so that they could not live without the aid of dialysis or kidney transplant. Without these treatments, the IRC will lead to the death of patients.

The early stages of CKD are difficult to diagnose because symptoms are less apparent until the disease has progressed significantly. With this progression are emerging symptoms: nausea, vomiting, bad breath and itchy skin, because of the toxic metabolites that would normally be filtered and removed from the blood through the kidneys, but in the presence of IRC accumulate to levels harmful.

Anemia

One of the most common symptoms of CKD is anemia, which occurs when the kidneys, because of their impaired function, stop producing enough eritripoyetina, the hormone that stimulates production of red blood cells that carry oxygen to whole organism. The anemia in these patients is a serious disease, but it is diagnosed and treated little bit. In the presence of anemia, the number of red blood cells is decreased below normal levels.

Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, a red protein, rich in iron, which is what carries oxygen from the lungs to other tissues. The oxygen helps provide the energy needed by the body to all normal activities. In the presence of anemia, hemoglobin levels are also low, below normal levels.

With anemia, the body gets less oxygen, so it has less energy than needed to function properly. The main symptoms of anemia include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, difficulty concentrating or confusion, dizziness or fainting, pale skin, tachycardia, and constant feeling of cold.

Recent data suggest that in elderly patients, anemia is associated with impaired mental function, decreased exercise capacity, reduced quality of life and development of left ventricular hypertrophy. If untreated, severe anemia is also associated with more frequent hospitalizations and increased costs of treatment.

Anemia develops early in CKD, some studies suggest that most patients are anemic and the first consultation with the nephrologist. Studies also suggest that one in three patients in our country has low hemoglobin values. The IRC patients with anemia have a higher risk of complications and mortality from cardiovascular disease than the general population. Recent data suggest that most patients with CKD die before they undergo dialysis.

Treatment of anemia

The erythropoiesis-stimulating agents play an important role in the treatment of anemia of CKD, because they stimulate production of red blood cells. Treatment with these agents is recent, dating from the 1980s, with the isolation of the gene for erythropoietin (EPO), human, followed by the introduction of the first innovator, epoetin alfa, in 1989.

Subsequently introduced darbepoetin alfa, a novel recombinant erythropoietic protein. Darbepoetin alfa has a different structure that provides greater biological activity, ie that allows the protein to remain longer in the blood. This is important because it reduces the frequency of administration, two or three times a week to once or twice a month, which is done by injection. This provides greater convenience for patients.

The treatment of anemia in CRF allows for correction of hemoglobin levels and the number of red blood cells, thereby reducing mortality, reducing complications and hospitalizations, and improves quality of life of patients.

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