Catecholaminergic drugs

These are drugs that increase the activity of the sympathetic autonomic nervous system, which stimulates greater activation of the body. So get global increase energy expenditure and decrease appetite. Within this group are amphetamine, phenylpropanolamine, ephedrine, diethylpropion, phentermine, phenmetrazine, and so on.

Serotonergic

Its main action is to inhibit appetite (anorectic action). Have been widely used fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine, but withdrew because of suspicion of heart valve problems could occur in some patients. Some antidepressants inhibiting serotonin uptake such as fluoxetine or sertraline can be used as anorectics, but have less power to do so. Sibutramine is another promising drug in this group, adding the effect of increasing energy expenditure (due to increased thermogenesis).

Drugs that decrease gastrointestinal absorption

The most representative is Orlistat (tetrahydrolipstatin). His action lies in inhibiting the absorption of up to 30% of ingested fat.

Finally there are also surgical measures for treatment of morbid obesity (severe) and becomes essentially reduce the digestive ability of filling (decreased gastric chamber) thereby promoting early satiety of the person.

credit to: Dr. Alfonso Santiago Marí

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The difference between them is clearly determined by genes, which serve to mediate synthesis of numerous substances that exert a regulatory role in metabolic rate, and the level of appetite. Leptin, for example, is a hormone that acts on the hypothalamus (brain), giving the degree of adiposity (fat) the body and thereby exerting a combined effect of inhibition of appetite and increase metabolism. This hormone also seems to have a stimulating effect decreased peripheral fat synthesis and increasing catabolism. This would have the overall benefit of promoting the reduction of excess body fat.

We have seen that most obese humans have leptin levels in blood high, meaning that there would be resistance to the action of the hormone, the body try to compensate by increasing their presence. This deficiency in the sensitivity of this hormone would justify a poor response from the body time to “burn” the excess fat by increasing basal metabolic rate and a poor response to in inhibiting appetite in people who are earning excessive weight.

Other substances and mediators receptor structures in the body that play a role in overall metabolic control: the hormone alpha-MSH, with inhibitory action of appetite, the uncoupling proteins (UCP), which are capable of channeling the energy of formation the cell (mitochondrial respiratory chain) to the production of heat PPAR receptors, regulators of proliferation of adipocytes and insulin sensitivity, tumor necrosis factor increases in chronic diseases and an inhibition of appetite, insulin, etc. All of them may have defects or excesses of their business, determined by the genes of each individual, that will get people we are different from each other, and that the goal of keeping the ideal weight is very different task for some or others.

credit to: Dr. Alfonso Santiago Marí

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Symptoms of hypothyroidism include loss of energy, tiredness, fatigue, psychological problems like depression or anxiety, obesity and digestive tract problems. To combat this problem, one of the resources available to us is herbal medicine. Today we offer some herbal remedies for hypothyroidism help you with it.

St. John’s wort, above all, stands out for its application in these cases. This herb is mainly applied to treat the psychological problems caused by thyroid problems. Regular consumption of the plant helps reduce depression and pessimism, a typical symptom of hypothyroidism.

The kelp also allows you to cut with the symptoms of this disease. A tea made with two teaspoons of kelp will help if you eat several times during the day. Cholesterol levels fall, gives full acne and reconstructs your metabolism to combat obesity.

Finally, we emphasize the application of coleus (Coleus forskohlil), which consumed up to three times daily at intervals of three hours is one of the best herbal remedies to treat hypothyroidism.

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Hypertension, commonly known as high pressure, is characterized by an excessive blood pressure on the artery walls. They say it is a “silent killer” because it does not manifest itself by external symptoms (unless hypertension is very high).

Without adequate treatment, hypertension can lead to long term, stroke, kidney disease and vision problems. Measuring blood pressure consists of two numbers indicating millimeters of mercury or mmHg. The optimal blood pressure is set at 115/75.

The causes of hypertension are not clearly identified, but we know that obesity and stress can aggravate it, as well as some bad habits.
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Some typical signs of blood pressure are headaches, dizziness, struck on the ears and nose bleeding. However, some people feel a little pain in the back of his head or increased urination.

Despite increases in the urine can mean that your blood sugar is too high if you are diabetic. Therefore it is difficult to see signals. However, if you have diabetes and are experiencing increased urination, and headache, then just check your blood sugar and see if this is the cause. If not, then you can exclude from glucose, and if they have high blood pressure.

Add salt to your diet can also boost your risk of hypertension. Having too much salt in your diet can increase blood pressure. Tell your doctor if you need to reduce their salt intake.

However, if you must reduce the salt, you can use many other herbs instead of salt. Garlic, shallots and onions are good alternatives. Reduce bar is not too bad, just think of the alternative.

You should not ignore high blood pressure, can be very serious if not controlled. The result could be that having a stroke. A stroke can be very dangerous and limiting their movements. Then go to the doctor and see if you have high blood pressure.

To prevent this disorder or reduce six goals must be achieved. Each of these objectives helps to lower blood pressure to different degrees.

* Lose weight if their body mass index is over 25;
* Reduce your intake of sodium;
* Moderate consumption of alcohol and caffeine;
* Increase your intake of omega-3 marine;
* Follow the DASH diet;
* Exercise.

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It may be the case that the body does not produce enough insulin, which is when the diabetes is type 1, or can not use it produces, that is when there is type 2 diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes, which is also known as insulin dependent diabetes, immune or juvenile home, is the result of an autoimmune reaction, in which the body’s defense system attacks insulin-producing cells. People with this type of diabetes produce very little or no insulin injections they need every day and thus control the blood glucose levels. Type 1 diabetes can affect people of any age but usually occurs mainly in children or young adults.

Type 2 diabetes, known as noninsulin dependent or adult, is more common in people over 45 years are overweight. However, following the rise of obesity among young people, is lowering the age of those affected. These patients often need insulin injections because they can control the glucose in your body by paying attention to your diet, exercising and taking oral medication.

This type of diabetes is most prevalent, accounting for 90-95 percent of all cases of this disease, and if not properly diagnosed and treated can develop serious complications that can generate even premature death. Not surprisingly, each year 3.8 million people die worldwide of causes related to this disease, ranking it as the fourth leading cause of death.

Besides these two types of diabetes, gestational diabetes exists that some women develop, usually on a temporary basis during pregnancy. This type of diabetes occurs between 2 and 5% of all pregnancies and in these cases there is an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes over time.

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Patients with anemia had a higher risk of mortality and cardiovascular complications, as well as reducing their quality of life and increased hospitalizations. So the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic renal failure is a priority of his therapy

Chronic renal failure (CRF) is an irreversible disease characterized by kidney damage and deterioration of their function, which progresses with time. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is classified into five phases, which are defined by the level of renal function, which is measured by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The lower the GFR, the more severe CRF.

There are several factors that contribute to the progression of CRF. The four most common causes of CRF are diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, or inflammation of the filtering units of the kidney, and polycystic kidney disease, a hereditary disease. An aging population along with the increasing number of patients with type 2 diabetes associated with obesity has led to increasing numbers of people with CKD or risk of suffering, which is estimated to affect 10% of our population.

Over time, the IRC generally progresses to a phase in which patients have impaired renal function so that they could not live without the aid of dialysis or kidney transplant. Without these treatments, the IRC will lead to the death of patients.

The early stages of CKD are difficult to diagnose because symptoms are less apparent until the disease has progressed significantly. With this progression are emerging symptoms: nausea, vomiting, bad breath and itchy skin, because of the toxic metabolites that would normally be filtered and removed from the blood through the kidneys, but in the presence of IRC accumulate to levels harmful.

Anemia

One of the most common symptoms of CKD is anemia, which occurs when the kidneys, because of their impaired function, stop producing enough eritripoyetina, the hormone that stimulates production of red blood cells that carry oxygen to whole organism. The anemia in these patients is a serious disease, but it is diagnosed and treated little bit. In the presence of anemia, the number of red blood cells is decreased below normal levels.

Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, a red protein, rich in iron, which is what carries oxygen from the lungs to other tissues. The oxygen helps provide the energy needed by the body to all normal activities. In the presence of anemia, hemoglobin levels are also low, below normal levels.

With anemia, the body gets less oxygen, so it has less energy than needed to function properly. The main symptoms of anemia include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, difficulty concentrating or confusion, dizziness or fainting, pale skin, tachycardia, and constant feeling of cold.

Recent data suggest that in elderly patients, anemia is associated with impaired mental function, decreased exercise capacity, reduced quality of life and development of left ventricular hypertrophy. If untreated, severe anemia is also associated with more frequent hospitalizations and increased costs of treatment.

Anemia develops early in CKD, some studies suggest that most patients are anemic and the first consultation with the nephrologist. Studies also suggest that one in three patients in our country has low hemoglobin values. The IRC patients with anemia have a higher risk of complications and mortality from cardiovascular disease than the general population. Recent data suggest that most patients with CKD die before they undergo dialysis.

Treatment of anemia

The erythropoiesis-stimulating agents play an important role in the treatment of anemia of CKD, because they stimulate production of red blood cells. Treatment with these agents is recent, dating from the 1980s, with the isolation of the gene for erythropoietin (EPO), human, followed by the introduction of the first innovator, epoetin alfa, in 1989.

Subsequently introduced darbepoetin alfa, a novel recombinant erythropoietic protein. Darbepoetin alfa has a different structure that provides greater biological activity, ie that allows the protein to remain longer in the blood. This is important because it reduces the frequency of administration, two or three times a week to once or twice a month, which is done by injection. This provides greater convenience for patients.

The treatment of anemia in CRF allows for correction of hemoglobin levels and the number of red blood cells, thereby reducing mortality, reducing complications and hospitalizations, and improves quality of life of patients.

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